Factores de desarrollo de asma en la edad adulta.
Resumen
El asma es una enfermedad heterogénea donde la edad a la que se manifiestan los primeros síntomas juega un papel importante, reconociéndose desde hace tiempo que el debut de la enfermedad en la edad adulta es un subtipo característico, con una incidencia de asma de 4,6/1000 personas-año en las mujeres y de 3,6/1000 personas-año en los hombres. En todos los estudios sobre fenotipos de asma, la edad de debut es un elemento diferenciador, y la mayoría objetiva que este subtipo de asma tiene un peor pronostico, con bajas proporciones de remisión y un descenso mayor de la función pulmonar. Los estudios en modelos animales sugieren que con el incremento de la edad coinciden cambios en la respuesta inmune innata y adaptativa, un fenómeno denominado inmunosenescencia, que juega un papel importante en el aumento de la susceptibilidad a las infecciones y en el aumento de las enfermedades autoinmunes y tumorales. También existe una fisiopatología diferente entre el asma de debut en el adulto y el asma de larga duración, aquel que comienza en la juventud y persiste en la madurez. Aunque la causa del asma a cualquier edad es desconocida, en el desarrollo de la enfermedad en el adulto se han reconocido una serie de factores de riesgo como son las infecciones del tracto respiratorio, las hormonas femeninas, la obesidad, factores psicológico, la exposición al aire contaminado y la exposición laboral.
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